Recent studies have explored how ultra-thin photonic structures can be tuned to produce efficient scattering 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, which is relevant to sensors, solar cells, displays and enhanced absorbers 12, 13, 14, 15. Although this is easily achieved with thick samples 2, it is difficult to obtain with thin layers of material 3. To generate whiteness, photons of all wavelengths must be scattered multiple times and lose their directional information to produce broadband, angle-independent reflectance. White colours are produced by diffuse light propagation in disordered media 1. These results highlight the importance of birefringence as a structural variable to enhance the performance of such materials and could contribute to the design of biologically inspired replacements for artificial scatterers like titanium dioxide. This reduces the thickness of material required to produce brilliant whiteness, resulting in a photonic system that is more efficient than other biogenic or biomimetic white materials which operate in the lower refractive index medium of air. Strikingly, numerical simulations reveal that birefringence, originating from the spherulitic arrangement of isoxanthopterin molecules, enables intense broadband scattering almost up to the maximal packing for random spheres. Here we show that the extreme birefringence of isoxanthopterin nanospheres overcomes optical crowding effects, enabling multiple scattering and brilliant whiteness from ultra-thin chromatophore cells in shrimp. This challenge arises from the phenomenon of optical crowding, whereby, for scatterers packed with filling fractions higher than ~30%, reflectance is drastically reduced due to near-field coupling between the scatterers. Participants enjoyed great networking opportunities, and possibility to discuss in-depth those topics high on the agenda, like climate change, energy crisis, agriculture and opportunities for young farmers, and cohesion policy with European high-level officials.A fundamental question regarding light scattering is how whiteness, generated from multiple scattering, can be obtained from thin layers of materials. The first 50 councillors already came to Brussels in March in two groups, visited the main institutional buildings and attended a series of thematic sessions tailor made on their needs with experts, members of the European Parliament and of the Committee of the Regions. Members are invited to fill in a specific survey in order to receive a targeted set of communication services, such as digital and physical materials, webinars and learning offer on selected topics, and visits to Brussels’ institutions. Councillors joining the BELC network are the building blocks of a European governance made of institutions, local communities, and the citizens who will soon be voting in the European elections in 2024. The Conference on the Future of Europe laid another foundation stone in 2022, including in the closing recommendations a call to set up a network of local councillors ( proposal 36, point 6). The fundamental idea of BELC is that communicating the EU is a responsibility shared by EU institutions and Member States at all levels, including the local governance level. Local politicians play a strategic role in engaging communities towards EU issues they do speak the same language and share the same background as people in small constituencies, who sometimes may feel left behind. From leading countries Italy, Spain, and Portugal, having the largest number of representatives so far, members and partners are spread across the EU – from the Canary Islands to Latvia! Members are elected representatives of small-medium cities, mainly between 10.000 and 100.000 inhabitants, but also from small villages counting few hundreds inhabitants.Īn interactive map of members and partners shows the reach of the network. Launched in June 2022, the network BELC is taking up across Member States with more than local councillors.
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